Do'a Selamat

Do'a Selamat

Allaahumma innaa nas-aluka salaamatan fiddiini, wa’aafiyatan fil jasadi, wa ziyaadatan fil ‘ilmi, wa barakatan fir-rizqi, wa taubatan qablal mauti, wa rahmatan ‘indal mauti, wa maghfiratan ba’dal mauti.
Allaahumma hawwin ‘alainaa fii sakaraatil mauti, wannajaata minan-naari, wal ‘afwa ‘indal hisaabi.
Rabbanaa laa tuzigh quluubanaa ba’da idz-hadaitanaa wahab lanaa min ladunka rahmatan innaka antal-wahhab.
Rabbanaa aatinaa fid-dun-yaa hasanatan, wa fil aakhirati hasanatan, wa qinaa ‘adzaaban-naari.
Artinya :
Ya Allah, kami mohon kepada-Mu akan keselamatan dalam agama, kesehatan dalam badan, bertambah dalam ilmu, keberkatan dalam rejeki, taubat sebelum mati, rahmat ketika mati, dan ampunan sesudah mati.
Ya Allah, ringankanlah kami ketika sakratul maut, dan selamatkanlah kami dari siksa api neraka, dan memdapat ampunan di hari perhitungan amal.
Ya Allah Tuhan kami, janganlah Engkau sesatkan kami sesudah mendapat petunjuk, berilah kami rahmat dari sisi-Mu. Karena sesungguhnya Engkaulah Yang Maha Pemurah.
Ya Allah Tuhan kami, berilah kami kebahagiaan di dunia dan kesejahteraan di akhirat, dan peliharalah kami dari siksa neraka.

Business intelligence

Business Intelligence (BI) refers to computer-based techniques used in spotting, digging-out, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments or associated costs and incomes. ^[1]

BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of Business Intelligence technologies are reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data mining, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining, and predictive analytics.

Business Intelligence often aims to support better business decision-making.^[2] Thus a BI system can be called a decision support system (DSS).^[3] Though the term business intelligence is often used as a synonym for competitive intelligence, because they both support decision making, BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence, is done by gathering, analyzing and disseminating information with or without support from technology and applications, and focuses on all-source information and data (unstructured or structured), mostly external to, but also internal to a company, to support decision making.

History

In a 1958 article, IBM researcher Hans Peter Luhn used the term business intelligence. He defined intelligence as:^[2] "the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal."

In 1989 Howard Dresner (later a Gartner Group analyst) proposed BI as an umbrella term to describe "concepts and methods to improve business decision making by using fact-based support systems."^[3] It was not until the late 1990s that this usage was widespread.

Business intelligence and data warehousing

Often BI applications use data gathered from a data warehouse or a data mart. However, not all data warehouses are used for business intelligence, nor do all business intelligence applications require a data warehouse.

Business intelligence and business analytics

Thomas Davenport has argued that business intelligence should be divided into querying, reporting, OLAP, an "alerts" tool, and business analytics. Another comprehensive approach that utilizes BI and other methods, models, and analytics is called Decision Architecture. DA a value creation process used by major corporations since 1985 to increase customer, portfolio, technology, brand and shareholder value.

Getting Business Intelligence projects prioritized

It is often difficult to provide a positive business case for Business Intelligence (BI) initiatives and often the projects will need to be prioritized through strategic initiatives. Here are some hints to increase the benefits for a BI project.

• As described by Kimball^[4] you must determine the tangible benefits such as eliminated cost of producing legacy reports.
• Enforce access to data for the entire organization. In this way even a small benefit, such as a few minutes saved, will make a difference when it is multiplied by the number of employees in the entire organization.
• As described by Ross, Weil & Roberson for Enterprise Architecture^[5], consider letting the BI project be driven by other business initiatives with excellent business cases. To support this approach, the organization must have Enterprise Architects, which will be able to detect suitable business projects.

Critical Success Factors of Business Intelligence Implementation

Although there could be many factors that could affect the implementation process of a BI system, research by Naveen K. Vodapalli ^[6] shows that the following are the critical success factors for business intelligence implementation:

1. Business-driven methodology and project management
2. Clear vision and planning
3. Committed management support & sponsorship
4. Data management and quality
5. Mapping solutions to user requirements
6. Performance considerations of the BI system
7. Robust and expandable framework

The future of business intelligence

A 2009 Gartner paper predicted^[7] these developments in the business intelligence market.

• Because of lack of information, processes, and tools, through 2012, more than 35 percent of the top 5,000 global companies will regularly fail to make insightful decisions about significant changes in their business and markets.
• By 2012, business units will control at least 40 percent of the total budget for business intelligence.
• By 2010, 20 per cent of organizations will have an industry-specific analytic application delivered via software as a service as a standard component of their business intelligence portfolio.
• In 2009, collaborative decision making will emerge as a new product category that combines social software with business intelligence platform capabilities.
• By 2012, one-third of analytic applications applied to business processes will be delivered through coarse-grained application mashups.

Konsep Dasar Penjadwalan CPU

Penjadwalan proses didasarkan pada sistem operasi yang menggunakan prinsip multiprogramming. Dengan cara mengalihkan kerja CPU untuk beberapa proses, maka CPU akan semakin produktif.

Pada multiprogramming, selalu akan terjadi beberapa proses berjalan dalam suatu waktu. Sedangkan pada uniprogramming hal ini tidak akan terjadi, karena hanya ada satu proses yang berjalan pada saat tertentu.

Konsep dasar dari multiprogramming ini adalah: suatu proses akan menggunakan CPU sampai proses tersebut dalam status wait (misalnya meminta I/O) atau selesai. Pada saat wait , maka CPU akan nganggur (idle). Untuk mengatasi hal ini, maka CPU dialihkan ke proses lain pada saat suatu proses sedang dalam wait, demikian seterusnya.

Peker-jaan	Saat Tiba	Lama Proses	Saat Mulai	Saat rampung	Lama tanggap	Waktu Sia-Sia	Rp	Rt
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)

Tabel proses kerja prosesor

Dalam menggambarkan sebuah penjadwalan dapat dilakukan dengan menyusun kerja proses seperti Gambar di atas, atau ada kalanya diperlukan barisan saat proses untuk dapat menyusun tabel kerja proses. Selanjutnya, dari kedua cara ini, dapat dihitung waktu sia-sia (T-t), rerata lama tanggap T_t, nilai rasio tanggap R_t, dan rasio penalti R_p.

Penjadwalan prosesor dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa kategori setelah proses sudah berada dalam antrian yaitu prioritas dan preempsi. Dalam keadaan tanpa prioritas atau preempsi, maka penjadwalan adalah melalui antrian. Dengan demikian dapat disusun ketegori penjadwalan berdasarkan prioritas dan preempsi itu kedalam Gambar berikut:

	Tanpa prioritas	Dengan prioritas
Tanpa preempsi	I	II
Dengan preempsi	III	IV

Gambar Kategori kerja prosesor

Kesemuanya ada empat kategori meliputi (I) tanpa prioritas dan tanpa preempsi melalui antrian biasa, (II) dengan prioritas dan tanpa preempsi, (III) tanpa prioritas dan dengan preempsi, dan (IV) dengan prioritas dan dengan preempsi. Selanjutnya kategori penjadwalan ini dapat kita uraikan dalam berbagai algoritma penjadwalan.

Algoritma Penjadwalan

Proses memerlukan prosesor. Proses memerlukan penjadwalan pemakaian prosesor. Berdasarkan berbagai ketentuan pada penjadwalan proses serentak, dapat disusun teknik penjadwalan prosesor. Dapat dipandang semua proses serentak itu sebagai satu kumpulan proses yang memerlukan prosesor.

Di sini, dianggap semua proses sebagai satu kumpulan proses serentak. Proses ini akan diolah oleh prosesor baik dalam bentuk antrian maupun dalam bentuk prioritas atau preempsi. Beberapa algoritma penjadwalan yang umum akan dibahas pada bagian ini. Untuk memudahkan mengamati setiap algoritma akan digunakan dua buah contoh (kedua Gambar berikut) antrian tetap yang akan kita gunakan untuk diterapkan pada berbagai algoritma penjadwalan yang akan kita bahas.

Nama Proses	Saat Tiba	Lama Proses
A B C D E	0 0 0 0 0	7 10 2 4 8

Gambar Kasus I – antrian lima proses dengan saat tiba = 0

Nama Proses	Saat Tiba	Lama Proses
A B C D E	0 1 8 2 5	7 10 2 4 8

Gambar Kasus II – antrian lima proses saat tiba berbeda

A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals.

The business goals may be defined for for-profit or for non-profit organizations. For-profit business plans typically focus on financial goals, such as profit or creation of wealth. Non-profit and government agency business plans tend to focus on organizational mission which is the basis for their governmental status or their non-profit, tax-exempt status, respectively—although non-profits may also focus on optimizing revenue. In non-profit organizations, creative tensions may develop in the effort to balance mission with "margin" (or revenue). Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, tax-payer, or larger community. A business plan having changes in perception and branding as its primary goals is called a marketing plan.

Audience

Business plans may be internally or externally focused. Externally focused plans target goals that are important to external stakeholders, particularly financial stakeholders. They typically have detailed information about the organization or team attempting to reach the goals. With for-profit entities, external stakeholders include investors and customers.^[1] External stake-holders of non-profits include donors and the clients of the non-profit's services.^[2] For government agencies, external stakeholders include tax-payers, higher-level government agencies, and international lending bodies such as the IMF, the World Bank, various economic agencies of the UN, and development banks.

Internally focused business plans target intermediate goals required to reach the external goals. They may cover the development of a new product, a new service, a new IT system, a restructuring of finance, the refurbishing of a factory or a restructuring of the organization. An internal business plan is often developed in conjunction with a balanced scorecard or a list of critical success factors. This allows success of the plan to be measured using non-financial measures. Business plans that identify and target internal goals, but provide only general guidance on how they will be met are called strategic plans.

Operational plans describe the goals of an internal organization, working group or department.^[3] Project plans, sometimes known as project frameworks, describe the goals of a particular project. They may also address the project's place within the organization's larger strategic goals.

Content

For more details on this topic, see Content of a business plan.

Business plans are decision-making tools. There is no fixed content for a business plan. Rather the content and format of the business plan is determined by the goals and audience. A business plan should contain whatever information is needed to decide whether or not to pursue a goal.

For example, a business plan for a non-profit might discuss the fit between the business plan and the organization’s mission. Banks are quite concerned about defaults, so a business plan for a bank loan will build a convincing case for the organization’s ability to repay the loan. Venture capitalists are primarily concerned about initial investment, feasibility, and exit valuation. A business plan for a project requiring equity financing will need to explain why current resources, upcoming growth opportunities, and sustainable competitive advantage will lead to a high exit valuation.

Preparing a business plan draws on a wide range of knowledge from many different business disciplines: finance, human resource management, intellectual property management, supply chain management, operations management, and marketing, among others.^[6] It can be helpful to view the business plan as a collection of sub-plans, one for each of the main business disciplines.^[7]

"... a good business plan can help to make a good business credible, understandable, and attractive to someone who is unfamiliar with the business. Writing a good business plan can’t guarantee success, but it can go a long way toward reducing the odds of failure."

Presentation formats

The format of a business plan depends on its presentation context. It is not uncommon for businesses, especially start-ups to have three or four formats for the same business plan:

• an "elevator pitch" - a three minute summary of the business plan's executive summary. This is often used as a teaser to awaken the interest of potential funders, customers, or strategic partners.

• an oral presentation - a hopefully entertaining slide show and oral narrative that is meant to trigger discussion and interest potential investors in reading the written presentation. The content of the presentation is usually limited to the executive summary and a few key graphs showing financial trends and key decision making benchmarks. If a new product is being proposed and time permits, a demonstration of the product may also be included.

• a written presentation for external stakeholders - a detailed, well written, and pleasingly formatted plan targeted at external stakeholders.

• an internal operational plan - a detailed plan describing planning details that are needed by management but may not be of interest to external stakeholders. Such plans have a somewhat higher degree of candor and informality than the version targeted at external stakeholders.

Typical structure for a business plan for a start up venture^[8]

• cover page and table of contents
• executive summary
• business description
• business environment analysis
• industry background
• competitive analysis
• market analysis
• marketing plan
• operations plan
• management summary
• financial plan
• attachments and milestones

Cost overruns and revenue shortfalls

Cost and revenue estimates are central to any business plan for deciding the viability of the planned venture. But costs are often underestimated and revenues overestimated resulting in later cost overruns, revenue shortfalls, and possibly non-viability. During the dot-com bubble 1997-2001 this was a problem for many technology start-ups. However, the problem is not limited to technology or the private sector; public works projects also routinely suffer from cost overruns and/or revenue shortfalls. The main causes of cost overruns and revenue shortfalls are optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation.^[9][10] Reference class forecasting has been developed to reduce the risks of cost overruns and revenue shortfalls.

Disclosure requirements

An externally targeted business plan should list all legal concerns and financial liabilities that might negatively affect investors. Depending on the amount of funds being raised and the audience to whom the plan is presented, failure to do this may have severe legal consequences.

Limitations on content and audience

Non disclosure agreements (NDAs) with third parties, non-compete agreements, conflicts of interest, privacy concerns, and the protection of one's trade secrets may severely limit the audience to which one might show the business plan. Alternatively, they may require each party receiving the business plan to sign a contract accepting special clauses and conditions.

This situation is complicated by the fact that many venture capitalists will refuse to sign an NDA before looking at a business plan, lest it put them in the untenable position of looking at two independently developed look-alike business plans, both claiming originality. In such situations one may need to develop two versions of the business plan: a stripped down plan that can be used to develop a relationship and a detail plan that is only shown when investors have sufficient interest and trust to sign an NDA.

Open business plans

Traditionally business plans have been highly confidential and quite limited in audience. The business plan itself is generally regarded as secret. However the emergence of free software and open source has opened the model and made the notion of an open business plan possible.

An open business plan is a business plan with unlimited audience. The business plan is typically web published and made available to all.

In the free software and open source business model, trade secrets, copyright and patents can no longer be used as effective locking mechanisms to provide sustainable advantages to a particular business and therefore a secret business plan is less relevant in those models.

While the origin of the open business plan model is in the free software and Libre services arena, the concept is likely applicable to other domains.

Venture capital

• Business plan contests - provides a way for venture capitals to find promising projects
• Venture capital assessment of business plans - focus on qualitative factors such as team.

Public offerings

• In a public offering, potential investors can evaluate perspectives of issuing company

Fundraising

Fundraising is the primary purpose for many business plans, since they are related to the inherent probable success/failure of the company risk.

Total quality management

For more details on this topic, see Total quality management.

Total quality management (TQM) is a business management strategy aimed at embedding awareness of quality in all organizational processes. TQM has been widely used in manufacturing, education, call centers, government, and service industries, as well as NASA space and science programs.

Management by objective

For more details on this topic, see Management by objectives.

Management by objectives (MBO) is a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are in the organization.

Strategic planning

For more details on this topic, see strategic planning.

Strategic planning is an organization's process of defining its strategy, or direction, and making decisions on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy, including its capital and people. Various business analysis techniques can be used in strategic planning, including SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats ) and PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis) or STEER analysis involving Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors and EPISTELS (Environment, Political, Informative, Social, Technological, Economic, Legal and Spiritual)

K-12

Business plans are used in some primary and secondary programs to teach economic principles.^[11] Wikiversity has a Lunar Boom Town project where students of all ages can collaborate with designing and revising business models and practice evaluating them to learn practical business planning techniques and methodology.

Satires

The business plan is the subject of many satires. Satires are used both to express cynicism about business plans and as an educational tool to improve the quality of business plans. For example,

• Five Criteria for a successful business plan in biotech uses Dilbert comic strips to remind people of what not to do when researching and writing a business plan for a biotech start-up. Scott Adams, the author of Dilbert, is an MBA graduate (U.C. Berkeley) who sees humor as a critical tool that can improve the behavior of businesses and their managers.^[12] He has written numerous critiques of business practices, including business planning. The website Dilbert.com - Games has a mission statement generator that satirizes the wording often found in mission statements. His book The Dilbert Principle – A Cubicle’s Eye View of Bosses, Meetings, Management Fads & Other Workplace Afflictions discusses the foibles of management and their plans as depicted in the Dilbert comic strips by Scott Adams.

• In the article "South Park's" Investing Lesson, the The Motley Fool columnist "Fool on the Hill" uses the Underpants Gnomes to illustrate the fallacy of focusing on goals without a clear implementation strategy. The Underpants Gnomes episode satirizes the business plans of the Dot-com era.

See also

• Business Case
• Corporate Finance
• Cost overrun
• Cost-benefit analysis
• Marketing plan
• Optimism bias
• Parkinson's Law of Triviality
• Reference class forecasting
• Revenue shortfall
• Strategic plan
• Business Motivation Model

References

1. ^ Small Business Notes business plan outline for small business start-up
2. ^ Center for Non-profit Excellence non-profit business plan
3. ^ State of Louisiana, USA government agency operational plan
4. ^ Visitask project framework
5. ^ Tasmanian government project management knowledge base government project plan
6. ^ Boston College, Carroll School of Management, Business Plan Project The business school advises students that "To create a robust business plan, teams must take a comprehensive view of the enterprise and incorporate management-practice knowledge from every first-semester course." It is increasingly common for business schools to use business plan projects to provide an opportunity for students to integrate knowledge learned through their courses.
7. ^ ^{a b} Eric S. Siegel, Brian R. Ford, Jay M. Bornstein (1993), 'The Ernst & Young Business Plan Guide' (New York: John Wiley and Sons) ISBN 0471578266
8. ^ Harvard Business School Press-Pocket Mentor, " Creating a Business Plan"
9. ^ Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette K. Skamris Holm, and Søren L. Buhl (2002),"Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie?" Journal of the American Planning Association, vol. 68, no. 3, 279-295.
10. ^ Bent Flyvbjerg, Mette K. Skamris Holm, and Søren L. Buhl (2005), "How (In)accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects?" Journal of the American Planning Associationsidoo kale ayaa waxaa, vol. 71, no. 2, 131-146.
11. ^ Pennsylvania Business Plan Competition - competition intended to teach economic principles to K-12 students
12. ^ Tricia Bisoux, "Funny Business", BizEd, November/December, 2002

sistem informasi

Sistem informasi

adalah aplikasi komputer untuk mendukung operasi dari suatu organisasi: operasi, instalasi, dan perawatan komputer, perangkat lunak, dan data. Sistem Informasi Manajemen adalah kunci dari bidang yang menekankan finansial dan personal manajemen. Sistem Informasi Penjualan adalah suatu sistem informasi yang mengorganisasikan serangkaian prosedur dan metode yang dirancang untuk menghasilkan, menganalisa, menyebarkan dan memperoleh informasi guna mendukung pengambilan keputusan mengenai penjualan.

Definisi lainnya

• Sistem Informasi adalah sekumpulan komponen dari informasi yang saling terintegrasi untuk mencapai tujuan yang spesifik. Komponen yang dimaksud adalah komponen input, model, output, teknologi, basis data (data base), kontrol atau komponen pengendali.

• Sistem Informasi adalah sekumpulan hardware, software, brainware, prosedur dan atau aturan yang diorganisasikan secara integral untuk mengolah data menjadi informasi yang bermanfaat guna memecahkan masalah dan pengambilan keputusan qq

• Sistem Informasi adalah satu Kesatuan data olahan yang terintegrasi dan saling melengkapi yang menghasilkan output baik dalam bentuk gambar, suara maupun tulisan.

• Sistem Informasi adalah Proses yang menjalankan fungsi mengumpulkan, memproses, menyimpan, menganalisis, dan menyebarkan informasi untuk kepentingan tertentu; kebanyakan SI dikomputerisasi.

• Sistem informasi adalah sekumpulan komponen pembentuk sistem yang mempunyai keterkaitan antara satu komponen dengan komponen lainnya yang bertujuan menghasilkan suatu informasi dalam suatu bidang tertentu. Dalam sistem informasi diperlukannya klasifikasi alur informasi, hal ini disebabkan keanekaragaman kebutuhan akan suatu informasi oleh pengguna informasi. Kriteria dari sistem informasi antara lain, fleksibel, efektif dan efisien.

• Sistem informasi adalah kumpulan antara sub-sub sistem yang salaing berhubungan yang membentuk suatu komponen yang didalamnya mencakup input-proses-output yang berhubungan dengan pengolaan informasi (data yang telah dioleh sehingga lebih berguna bagi user)

• Sistem informasi adalah sistem yang saling berhubungan dan terintegrasi satu dengan yang lain dan bekerja sesuai dengan fungsinya untuk mengatur masalah yang ada.

• Suatu sistem informasi (SI) atau information system (IS) merupakan aransemen dari orang, data, proses-proses, dan antar-muka yang berinteraksi mendukung dan memperbaiki beberapa operasi sehari-hari dalam suatu bisnis termasuk mendukung memecahkan soal dan kebutuhan pembuat-keputusan manejemen dan para pengguna yang berpengalaman di bidangnya.